1. What are the three primary layers of the integument in humans?
2. What is the primary cell type of the epidermis?
3. List in sequence the five layers of epithelial cells observed in thick human skin from the deepest layer to the most superficial?
4. List in sequence the four layers of epithelial cells observed in typical human skin from the deepest layer to the most superficial?
5. . Describe the location, structure, function, and origin of the basement membrane.
6. Identify the location, function, and embryonic origin of each of the following cell types.
Melanocyte
Langerhan’s cell
Merkel’s cell
Keratinocyte
7. Draw and label the parts of a hair follicle.
8. Draw and label the parts of a fingernail.
9. Describe the location, appearance, and composition of the papillary layer of the dermis.
10. Describe the location, appearance, and composition of the reticular layer of the dermis.
11. Compare the structures of the modified sensory corpuscles of the dermis.
12. List the epithelial gland types that extend into the dermis from the epidermis.
13. Compare the structure of a sebaceous gland to a typical sweat gland.
14. List some of the sensations associated with free nerve endings in the skin.
15. Describe the location, appearance, and composition of the hypodermis.
16. Describe the basic structure of the scales of the ancient ostracoderms.
17. Describe the structure of the placoid scale of a shark.
18. How do polypterid and gar scales differ from scales of other bony fish?
19. Which chordate groups have epidermal scales?
20. List and describe the composition of the four types of horns that can be observed in mammals.
21. How does the skin of an amphioxus differ from that of a lamprey?
22. How does the skin of a shark differ from that of a lamprey?
23. Which chordate groups show significant keratinization of the general skin surface?
25. A stratum granulosum is generally restricted to which chordate groups?
26. List the special keratinized structures that develop from the skin surfaces of tetrapods.
27. What is a cuticle on a fish?
28. How do some species change their coloration in a few minutes or less?
29. What is an osteoderms?
30. Which vertebrate group has a much thickened dermis?